Plan developed to characterize and identify ocean worlds

Hendrix and Terry A. Hurford of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center are co-lead authors of "The NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds" that appears in Astrobiology. Hendrix and Hurford co-chair NASA's Outer Planets Assessment Group's Roadmaps to Ocean Worlds (ROW) team.

As laid out in the paper, the ROW team supports the creation of an exploration program that studies the full spectrum of ocean worlds: not just the exploration of known ocean worlds such as Europa but also candidate ocean worlds.

In their study, the ROW team finds that the confirmed ocean worlds Enceladus, Titan and Europa are the highest priority bodies to target in the near term. As far as candidate (unconfirmed) ocean worlds, Neptune's moon Triton is the highest priority.

The study also finds that significant understanding of ocean worlds begins by studying our own planet. "Progress needs to be made in the area of collaborations between Earth ocean scientists and extraterrestrial ocean scientists," Hendrix said.

"In addition, to map out a coherent ocean worlds program, significant input is required from studies here on Earth; rigorous research and analysis studies are called for to enable some future ocean worlds missions to be thoughtfully planned and undertaken."

The paper defines an ocean world as a body with a current liquid ocean, not necessarily global. All bodies in our solar system that plausibly can have, or are known to have, an ocean are considered in this framework. The Earth is a well-studied ocean world used as a reference and point of comparison. Ice giant planets are not included as ocean worlds.

"The overarching goal of an ocean worlds program, should be to identify ocean worlds, characterize their oceans, evaluate their habitability, search for life, and ultimately understand any life we find," Hendrix said.